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Evolution Korea

South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than might be expected.

The country is looking for a new way of developing. A Confucian culture that emphasizes respect for the ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence society. There are signs that a secularist culture is emerging.

Origins

In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans survived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also created an industry of metallurgy, which produced bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also art styles, a written language, and paper making.

Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical where the monarch and other senior officials came from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on the citizens and often required them to serve in the army or take part in projects for the government like building fortifications.

At the end of this period, the state of Baekje was founded by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with China's commandos and Goguryeo's in the area. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety concept an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families and they must be obeyed and respected by all people, even their grandchildren and children.

Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE gave the world the Hangul alphabet based on the shapes made by the mouth when it was pronounced. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.

The evolution of Korea

The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of cist graves lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewelry buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and constructed of single large stones, are prevalent throughout the country.

In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) including Baekje and Goguryeo. The northern portion of the peninsula was for a while occupied by the Balhae Kingdom which historians do not consider to be a genuine Korean state.

Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy thrived for some time.

The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territory. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese assistance, defeated all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.

As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be in flux. The people who are affronted by the huge cost of the old system would prefer an extensive program of liberalization in capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand the supporters of the old system attempt to keep it alive through nationalist sentiments, and by inflating fears about potential job loss.

Analysts and academics are divided about the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date by analyzing five phases of Korea's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and democratic participation (2002 to the present). This article also identifies key factors that are shaping these processes.

Creationism in Korea

In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this segment. A survey in 2009 found that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% claimed that it did not align with their religious beliefs, and 17 percent said they did not understand it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar number of people are not convinced that humans evolved from less advanced species of life.

In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea focused primarily on teaching students and in bringing Christ to them. In 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of church leaders and scientists.

The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The event was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.

KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter called CREATION, in which it covered its activities and published articles about the scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on the subject of creationism, which were already published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.

A KACR success was seen at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were so fascinated by creationism that they raised money and secured funding to construct a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.

In addition to its activities, KACR has published a bimonthly publication called CREATION. This magazine covers topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches that conduct seminars and provide talks to children in schools and other community groups.

Changes in South Korea

In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok, was replaced by miniskirts, and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period the samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various musical instruments.

Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime is to find the right balance between state-led economic policies as well as market-oriented ones. It also involves changing the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining strategies that have been a part of the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4.

Baekje, founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas, as well as migrants from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. As a result, it was in frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders along the border.

The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital. It also exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju. He was an adversary to Goguryeo.

The rule of his was, however, short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935, and then united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.